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Industrial Revolution
From the late eighteenth century, technological
innovation in the textile industry led to the proliferation of
increasing numbers of water-powered cotton and worsted spinning
mills and woollen scribbling (carding) mills - together with
their dams, goits and sluices - in the tributary valleys of the
Calder, and the need for more effective means of transportation
resulted in the construction of canals and a network of turnpike
roads along the valley bottom which progressively replaced the
old hillside packhorse ways. See the Acts of Parliament, 1757, 1769, 1810 and the plan of the river Calder above.
 During
this first phase of industrialisation, religious nonconformity
underwent a dramatic renewal, reinforcing the industrial work
ethic, and by 1800 both chapel and mill were beginning to make
their mark on an increasingly urbanized landscape (see Square
chapel opposite).
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